Official Course Description: MCCCD Approval: 05/26/98
DMI276 19986-20035	LEC	3 Credit(s)	3 Period(s)
NUCLEAR IMAGING THEORY III
Principles, theory and practices of radio- and non- radioactive assay. Principles, theory and practices of gastrointestinal absorption measurement studies. Advanced pharmacology concepts and localization techniques. Radiopharmaceuticals used in Positron Emission Tomography (P.E.T.). Radiation Biology in regard to the qualitative and quantitative affects on the human body following radiation exposure. Review of cell biology and interactions of radiation with matter. Tissue radio-sensitivity, cellular, intracellular, and systemic responses to radiation. Critical organ and dose calculations and risk-to-benefit factors. Radiation exposure to the fetus and late effects. Prerequisites: DMI268 or permission of program director.

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MCCCD Official Course Competencies:
DMI276   19986-20035	NUCLEAR IMAGING THEORY III

1.	Describe the principles of radioassay to include terminology, test substances, review of solution chemistry, competitive radioassay, sequential saturation analysis, sandwich assay, immunoradiometric assay, radioenzymatic assay, radioreceptor assay, and radioallergosorbent test. (I)
2.	Explain principles related to immunology to include terminology, nonspecific immunity, and specific immunity. (II)
3.	Describe specific clinical techniques involved with radioassay to include equipment, data reduction, record keeping, quality assurance, troubleshooting, proficiency testing, radiation safety, specimen storage, infection control, and instrumentation quality control. (III)
4.	Explain specific assay procedures to include pituitary and hypothalamic hormones, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenal glands, kidney, pancreas, digestive, ovaries and testes, liver, and tumor-associated testing. (IV)
5.	Explain nonradioactive assays to include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique, and fluorometric studies. (V)
6.	Describe gastrointestinal (G.I.) absorption measurement studies to include the triolein-oleic acid, G.I. protein loss, G.I. blood loss, and the Shilling tests. (VI)
7.	Describe principles and applications of advanced pharmacology and biochemistry related to radiopharmaceuticals. (VII)
8.	Explain the localization techniques and kinetics for advanced radiopharmaceuticals. (VIII)
9.	Describe the types of radiopharmaceuticals used with Positron Emission Tomography (P.E.T.) and other advances with radiopharmaceuticals. (IX)
10.	Discuss specific concepts of cell biology to include cell structure and cell division. (X)
11.	Describe the major interactions between radiation and matter to include linear energy transfer, ionization, relative biological effectiveness, and the target theory. (XI)
12.	Explain the radiosensitivity of specific different tissues in the human body. (XII)
13.	Explain the risks and benefits to radiation exposure including cellular, systemic, organ and fetal effects and dose. (XIII, XIV, XV, XVI)
14.	Describe and calculate critical organ exposue and dose. (XVII)

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MCCCD Official Course Outline:
DMI276   19986-20035	NUCLEAR IMAGING THEORY III

I. Principles of Radioassay A. Terminology B. Test substances C. Review of solution chemistry D. Competitive radioassay E. Sequential saturation analysis F. Sandwich assay G. Immunoradiometric assay H. Radioenzymatic assay I. Radioreceptor assay J. Radioallergosorbent test II. Principles of Immunology A. Terminology B. Nonspecific immunity C. Specific immunity III. Clinical Techniques of Radioassay A. Equipment B. Data reduction C. Record keeping D. Quality assurance E. Troubleshooting F. Proficiency testing G. Radiation safety H. Specimen storage I. Infection control J. Instrumentation quality control IV. Assay Procedures A. Pituitary and hypothalamic hormones B. Thyroid C. Parathyroids D. Adrenal glands E. Kidney F. Pancreas G. Digestive H. Ovaries and testes I. Hepatitis J. Tumor-associated testing V. Nonradioactive Assays A. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay B. Enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique C. Fluorometric studies VI. Gastrointestinal Absorption Measurement Studies A. Triolein-oleic acid test 1. triglyceride composition 2. radiopharmaceutical 3. procedure 4. evaluation of results B. G.I. protein loss test 1. hypoproteinemia 2. radiopharmaceuticals 3. procedure 4. evaluation of results C. G.I. blood loss test 1. purpose 2. radiopharmaceuticals 3. procedure 4. evaluation of results D. Shilling test 1. biorouting of vitamin B-12 2. vitamin B-12 deficiency 3. radiopharmaceuticals 4. single isotope procedure 5. dual isotope procedure 6. evaluation of results 7. pitfalls to shilling test VII. Advanced Pharmacology and Biochemistry A. Pharmacology 1. principles 2. applications B. Biochemistry 1. principles 2. applications VIII. Advanced Radiopharmaceutical Localization A. Dilution B. Diffusion C. Active transport D. Metabolic incorporation E. Phagocytosis F. Cell sequestration G. Capillary blockage H. Kinetics IX. Advances in Radiopharmaceuticals A. P.E.T. radiopharmaceuticals 1. types 2. applications 3. preparation/injection B. Advances in radiopharmacy - monoclonal antibodies X. Cell Biology A. Cell structure 1. cell membrane 2. organelles 3. nucleus 4. chromosomes B. Cell division 1. mitosis 2. meiosis XI. Interactions A. Linear energy transfer B. Ionization C. Relative Biological Effectiveness (RBE) D. Target theory XII. Tissue Radiosensitivity A. Law of Bergonie and Tribondeau B. Blood 1. red blood cells 2. lymphocytes C. Bone D. Fat E. Muscle F. Connective tissue G. Nerve tissue XIII. Cellular and Intracellular Responses A. Interphase death vs. reproductive death B. Survival curves C. Effects on the cell cycle D. Physical factors E. Chemical factors F. Biological factors XIV. Systemic Responses A. Hemopoietic syndrome B. Gastrointestinal syndrome C. Central nervous system syndrome D. Total-body response 1. dose levels 2. manifestations 3. cellular behavior XV. Risk and Benefits of Radiation A. Pathological damage 1. cells and tissues 2. organ and systems 3. total body B. Diagnostic exposures 1. risks 2. benefits 3. alternatives C. Therapeutic exposures 1. risks 2. benefits 3. alternatives D. Late effects of radiation exposure 1. Effect on aging 2. genetic mutation 3. incidence of cancer 4. life shortening XVI. Exposure to the Fetus A. Effect vs dose B. Effect vs stage of development C. Protection recommendations XVII. Critical Organ Exposure and Dose Calculations A. Influencing factors of absorbed dose 1. concentration 2. time 3. type of radiation 4. energy emitted 5. fraction absorbed B. Critical Organ 1. critical organ for given radiopharmaceutical 2. target organ for given procedure C. Calculations 1. classical and MIRD methods 2. formulas 3. system international (S.I.) conversions 4. charts and tables

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