Maricopa Community Colleges  DMI260   20036-99999 
Official Course Description: MCCCD Approval: 06/17/03
DMI260 20036-99999 LEC 3 Credit(s) 3 Period(s)
Nuclear Medicine Theory I
Non-imaging instrumentation to include gas-filled detector systems, scintillation detection systems, statistics, nuclear counting statistics, and laboratory equipment. Imaging instrumentation to include planar scintillation cameras, multicrystal scintillation cameras, solid-state detector systems, single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), quality control of imaging systems and maintenance of image archiving systems. Computers in instrumentation, types of computers, number systems, general structure of computer hardware, software, communications, data management, internet, nuclear medicine computer systems and quality control of these systems. Prerequisites: DMI251 and DMI253 or permission of the Nuclear Medicine Technology program director.
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MCCCD Official Course Competencies:
 
DMI260   20036-99999 Nuclear Medicine Theory I
1. Explain the radioactive decay processes and the interaction of ionizing radiation with matter. (I)
2. Discuss the components, features, operation, application, maintenance and quality control of selected non-imaging and imaging devices of gas-filled detector and scintillation detection systems. (II, III)
3. Perform specific calculations associated with gas-filled detector and scintillation detection systems to include gain settings, percent resolution from a full width at half of maximum (FWHM) calculation and well counter efficiency. (I, II)
4. Apply knowledge of statistics to the operation and maintenance of nuclear medicine non-imaging and imaging instrumentation. (IV, V)
5. Describe the various rotators and shakers that may be used in a nuclear medicine laboratory. (VI)
6. Describe the calibration procedures for lab equipment to include the centrifuge, pH meter, analytical balance, selected pipetting devices and a multi-channel analyzer. (VI)
7. Discuss the components, features, operation, application, maintenance and quality control of selected cameras and detector systems used in nuclear medicine to include planar scintillation cameras, multicrystal cameras, solid state detector systems. (VII, VIII, IX)
8. Discuss basic design, principles, functions, operation, maintenance, advantages and disadvantages of selected imaging systems. (X, XI)
9. Discuss the care, operation, maintenance and quality control of image archive systems. (XII, XIII)
10. Compare and contrast analog and digital computer systems and signals and hardwired and programmable computers. (XIII)
11. Compare and contrast minicomputers, microcomputers, mainframes and supercomputers. (XIII)
12. Apply knowledge of the number system to practical uses in the nuclear medicine field. (XIV)
13. Apply knowledge of general structure of computer hardware, software, communication systems, data management and internet access/use to practical uses in the nuclear medicine field. (XV-XIX)
14. Discuss list mode acquisition and histogram and frame acquisition including advantages and disadvantages of each approach. (XX)
15. Describe how the computer performs a multigated acquisition study. (XX)
16. Compare and contrast the various types of display systems used on nuclear medicine computers. (XX)
17. Describe data processing operations that are non-cosmetic and those that are cosmetic treatments of the image including how each is accomplished. (XX)
18. Describe computer use in the development and administration of quality assurance testing of imaging equipment. (XX)
19. Outline a quality control program to ensure that the computer functions at an appropriate level. (XXI)
20. Describe quality assurance procedures that should be performed to ensure proper computer function. (XXI)
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MCCCD Official Course Outline:
 
DMI260   20036-99999 Nuclear Medicine Theory I
    I. Introduction/Review
        A. Radioactive decay process
        B. Interaction of ionizing radiation
        C. Exposure and exposure rate
      II. Gas-Filled Detector Systems
          A. Principles of operation
          B. Ion chambers
            1. Dose calibrators
              a. operation
              b. quality control
                (1). geometry
                (2). linearity
                (3). accuracy
                (4). precision
                (5). constancy
            2. Cutie-pie
              a. deadtime
              b. accuracy
              c. appropriate uses
              d. calibration (quality control)
          C. Proportional counters
          D. Geiger-Muller counter (survey meter)
            1. Deadtime
            2. Accuracy
            3. Appropriate uses
            4. Quality control
        III. Scintillation Detection Systems
            A. History and development of detector systems
              1. Scientists involved in development of scintillation detector systems
              2. Overview of rectilinear scanners
              3. Timeline of historical development
            B. Solid scintillation detector (well counter and uptake probes)
              1. Principles of operation
              2. Component parts
                a. crystal
                b. photmultiplier tubes
                c. high-voltage power
                d. amplification
                  (1). preamplification
                  (2). gain setting
                e. pulse-height analyzer
                  (1). single channel
                  (2). multichannel
                f. counters, timers, ratemeters
                g. uptake probe collimator
              3. Energy resolution and full width at half of maximum (FWHM)
              4. Energy calibration
              5. Deadtime versus activity
              6. Efficiency
              7. Pulse height analyzer window determination
              8. Effects of geometry
              9. Quality control
            C. Liquid scintillation systems
              1. Principle of operation
              2. Quench correction methods
              3. Use of liquid scintillation systems
            D. Gamma probe
              1. Operating characteristics
              2. Clinical uses
              3. Quality control
            E. New detection systems
          IV. Statistics
              A. Systematic and random error
              B. Precision and accuracy
              C. Percent error and percent difference
              D. Average value and standard deviation
              E. Frequency distributions
              F. Mean, median, and mode
              G. Discrete and continuous distribution
              H. Curve fitting
                1. Linear interpolation
                2. Linear regression
                3. Logit log
            V. Nuclear Counting Statistics
                A. Poisson distribution
                B. Gaussian distribution
                C. Standard deviation and coefficient of variation
                D. Confidence levels
                E. Propagation of errors
                F. Application of statistical analysis
                  1. Chi-square
                  2. t-test
              VI. Laboratory Equipment
                  A. Rotators/shakers
                  B. Centrifuge
                  C. pH meter
                  D. Thermometers
                  E. Balances
                  F. Pipettes and automatic pipettors
                  G. Waterbaths and refrigerators/freezers
                  H. Ultrasonic mixer
                  I. Microscope
                    1. multichannel analyzer
                    2. quality control
                VII. Planar Scintillation Cameras
                    A. Basic principles-system configurations
                      1. Collimator
                        a. Geometric characteristics
                          (1). resolution
                          (2). efficiency
                        b. Selection considerations
                      2. Crystal
                        a. resolution
                        b. efficiency
                      3. Light pipe
                      4. Photmultiplier tubes
                        a. cathode
                        b. dynode
                        c. anode
                        d. electron multiplication
                      5. Positioning circuitry
                      6. Ratio circuits
                      7. Summation circuitry
                      8. Pulse-height analyzer
                        a. window width
                        b. centerline versus non-symmetrical window
                        c. z-pulse
                      9. Scalers and ratemeters
                      10. Image display and recording
                        a. Cathode ray tubes
                          (1). phosphor
                          (2). dot size
                          (3). astigmatism
                          (4). color
                          (5). photographic scope
                          (6). persistence scope
                        b. Film
                          (1). radiographic
                          (2). carbon-based
                        c. Multiformat imagers
                          (1). description of systems
                          (2). image production
                          (3). quality control
                        d. Video formatters
                          (1). requirements
                          (2). special features
                          (3). quality control
                        e. Laser printers
                        f. Color paper printers
                      11. Whole-body systems
                      12. Mobile camera systems
                    B. Performance characteristics
                      1. Collimators - Types
                        a. parallel-hole
                        b. Low energy all purpose (LEAP) or general all purpose (GAP)
                        c. High resolution
                        d. Ultra high resolution
                        e. Medium energy
                        f. High energy (511 keV)
                        g. High sensitivity
                          (1). diverging/converging
                          (2). pinhole
                          (3). slant-hole
                          (4). fan-beam
                      2. Collimators - Characteristics
                        a. spatial resolution
                        b. sensitivity
                        c. field of view
                        d. image size (magnification/minification)
                        e. image distortion
                        f. energy characteristics
                      3. Camera
                        a. spatial resolution
                        b. sensitivity
                        c. linearity
                        d. uniformity
                          (1). specifications (differential/integral)
                          (2). factors afftecting uniformity
                          (3). uniformity versus intrinsic resolution
                        e. energy resolution
                        f. dead-time
                        g. count density
                        h. image contrast
                  VIII. Multicrystal Scintillation Cameras
                      A. Principles of operation
                      B. Performance characteristics
                        1. spatial resolution
                        2. sensitivity
                        3. uniformity
                        4. energy calibration
                        5. counting rate
                    IX. Solid State Detector System
                        A. Principles of operation
                        B. Crystal characteristics
                        C. Comparison to Anger camera performance
                      X. Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)
                          A. Basic designs and principles
                            1. orbit design
                            2. collimator design
                            3. multihead systems
                            4. attenuation correction
                          B. Acquisition parameters
                          C. Factors that limit statistics
                          D. Reconstruction
                            1. Simple backprojection
                            2. Reconstruction parameters
                              a. center of rotation correction
                              b. uniformity correction
                              c. attenuation correction
                              d. filters and filter selection
                              e. attenuation correction with external transmission sources
                              f. motion correction and sinograms
                            3. radiopharmaceutical dose limits
                            4. time restraints
                            5. source-to-detector distance
                            6. attenuation
                            7. matrix size and linear sampling
                            8. degrees of rotation
                            9. number of projections (angular sampling)
                            10. time per projection
                            11. time per acquisition
                        XI. Quality Control of Imaging Systems
                            A. Planar Scintillation Camera
                              1. Flood uniformity
                              2. Image size and shape (x,y, gain settings)
                              3. Spatial resolution
                              4. Linearity
                              5. Sensitivity
                              6. Window calibration
                              7. Environmental contorl
                              8. Intrinsic versus extrinsic measurements
                              9. Cathode ray tube
                                a. focus
                                b. astigmatism
                              10. Collimator
                                a. septal penetration
                                b. damage detection
                            B. Whole-body imagers
                            C. SPECT systems
                              1. Center of rotation
                                a. procedure
                                b. frequency
                              2. Uniformity
                                a. intrinsic
                                b. total system
                                c. acceptable limits
                                d. frequency
                              3. Resolution
                                a. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) phantom studies
                                b. Frequency
                              4. Table detector
                              5. Pixel sizing related to matrix size and zoom
                              6. Intrinsic and extrinsic FWHM
                              7. Head alignment on multiple head units
                            D. Photographic devices
                              1. Image formatters
                              2. Laser printers
                              3. Color printers
                          XII. Care and Maintenance of Image archiving systems
                              A. Transparent film
                                1. Chemical and physical composition
                                2. Film characteristics
                                3. Storage
                              B. Film processing
                                1. Developer
                                2. Fixer
                                3. Washing and drying
                                4. Automatic processing
                                5. Quality Control
                              C. Laser printers
                              D. PACS
                              E. Discs
                            XIII. Types of Computers
                                A. Microcomputers
                                B. Minicomputers
                                C. Mainframes
                                D. Supercomputers
                              XIV. Number System
                                  A. Analog versus digital information
                                  B. Decimal
                                  C. Binary
                                  D. Octal
                                  E. Hexadecimal
                                  F. Conversions from one number system to another
                                  G. Bits, bytes, word
                                XV. General Structure of Computer Hardware
                                    A. Processor or System Unit
                                      1. CPU
                                        a. control unit
                                        b. arithmetic logic unit
                                      2. Main memory or primary storage (RAM)
                                    B. I/O Devices
                                      1. Input devices
                                        a. keyboard
                                        b. mouse
                                        c. joystick
                                        d. lightpen
                                        e. touchscreen
                                        f. digitizer/scanners
                                        g. pen-based computer
                                      2. Output devices
                                        a. image display monitors
                                        b. printers
                                        c. plotters
                                        d. voice output devices
                                    C. Memory
                                      1. Random access memory (RAM)
                                      2. Read only memory (ROM)
                                      3. Programmable read only memory (PROM)
                                      4. Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM)
                                      5. Main memory
                                        a. magnetic core
                                        b. semiconductor
                                      6. Cache memory
                                      7. Buffer memory
                                      8. Auxiliary storage
                                        a. magnetic disk
                                        b. hard disk
                                        c. RAM disk
                                        d. optical disk
                                        e. magnetic tape drive
                                        f. solid state storage devices
                                        g. special purpose devices
                                  XVI. Software
                                      A. Application software
                                      B. System software
                                          a. operating system
                                          b. utilities
                                          c. language translators
                                      C. Languages
                                          a. machine
                                          b. assembly
                                          c. higher level (C, Basic, Fortran, etc.)
                                    XVII. Communications
                                        A. System model
                                        B. Communications channel
                                        C. Communications equipment
                                        D. Communications software
                                        E. Protocols
                                        F. Networks
                                          1. Ethernet
                                          2. Local area network (LAN)
                                          3. Wide area network (WAN)
                                          4. configurations
                                        G. Picture archiving systems (PACs)
                                        H. Radiology information system (RIS)
                                      XVIII. Data Management
                                          A. Types of file organization
                                          B. Types of databases
                                        XIX. Internet
                                            A. Definition
                                            B. History
                                            C. Organizational structure
                                            D. Hardware requirements
                                            E. Software requirements
                                            F. Service available
                                          XX. Nuclear Medicine Computer Systems
                                              A. Gamma camera/computer interface
                                                1. Analog to digital converters
                                                  a. purpose
                                                  b. types
                                                2. buffer
                                                3. zoom
                                                  a. magnification versus resolution
                                                  b. interpolation
                                              B. Acquisition modes
                                                1. Types
                                                  a. frame
                                                  b. list
                                                  c. multiple gated
                                                  d. tomographic
                                                2. Matrix types and sizes
                                                  a. word
                                                  b. byte
                                                3. Memory requirements
                                                  a. addresses (resolution elements)
                                                  b. counts per address
                                              C. Memory
                                                1. Types of memory
                                                2. Advantages and disadvantages
                                              D. Display systems
                                                1. Refreshed CRT
                                                2. Storage CRT
                                                3. Video
                                              E. Planar filter options
                                                1. Temporal
                                                2. Spatial/Smoothing
                                              F. SPECT reconstruction techniques
                                                1. Back projection
                                                2. Fourier reconstruction
                                                3. Iterative reconstruction
                                                4. Slice thickness selection
                                                5. Reorientation
                                              G. SPECT filters
                                                1. Filter design and selection
                                                  a. selection criteria
                                                  b. types
                                                  c. cutoff
                                                  d. frequency
                                                2. Nyquist frequency
                                                3. Dampening factor
                                                4. Multi-camera head reconstruction techniques
                                              H. Data processing programs
                                                1. Field uniformity correction
                                                2. Background and foreground correction
                                                3. Attenuation correction
                                                4. Motion correction
                                                5. Contrast enhancement
                                                6. Scaling and normalization
                                                7. Image Arithmetic
                                                8. Display manipulations
                                                9. Dead time corrections
                                                10. Center of rotation error corrections
                                                11. Regions of interest (ROI)
                                                  a. selection
                                                  b. comparison ratios and percentages
                                                  c. effects of poorly drawn ROIs
                                                12. Curve generation and manipulation
                                                  a. image profiles
                                                  b. time-activity curves
                                                  c. harmonic analysis
                                                13. Automatic edge detection
                                                14. Gray scales
                                                15. Image registration and Co-registration
                                                16. Three-dimensional reconstruction
                                                17. Polar map generation
                                              I. Use of computers in quality control programs
                                                1. Linearity
                                                2. Sensitivity
                                                3. Gain (test of pixel size)
                                                4. Analog versus digital conversion
                                                5. Resolution
                                                6. Spatial distortion
                                                7. Integration with imaging systems
                                                8. Validation of software
                                                9. Radiopharmacy management systems
                                            XXI. Quality Control
                                                A. Environmental control
                                                B. Power supply
                                                C. Test patterns
                                                D. Software QC programs
                                                E. Pixel sizing (x, y, setting)
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