Maricopa Community Colleges  DMI251   20036-20056 
Official Course Description: MCCCD Approval: 06/17/03
DMI251 20036-20056 LEC 3 Credit(s) 3 Period(s)
Fundamentals of Nuclear Medicine
History of nuclear medicine. Roles, rules and responsibilities of the nuclear technologist. Use, safety and maintenance of nuclear medicine equipment. Concepts and physical principles governing radioactivity and the interaction of radiation with matter. Terminology, procedures, and positioning pertinent to nuclear medicine. Foundational math concepts for nuclear medicine calculations. Prerequisites: Admission to Nuclear Medicine Technology program or permission of Nuclear Medicine Technology program director. Corequisites: DMI253.
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MCCCD Official Course Competencies:
 
DMI251   20036-20056 Fundamentals of Nuclear Medicine
1. Describe the significance of historical contribution to the development of current of the atom. (I)
2. Discuss concepts related to the atom including general structure, orbital shells, quantum numbers, quantum theory of electromagnetic radiation and the Pauli Exclusion Principle as related to the organization of the atom. (I)
3. Explain the structure, symbols and abbreviations used in the Periodic Table and the trilinear chart of the nuclides. (I)
4. Correctly use atomic nomenclature. (I)
5. Discuss radiation and the atom including various modes of electromagnetic radiation production, natural and artificial radioactivity, wave motion and the calculation of wavelength of energy. (II)
6. Discuss nuclear structure and the forces associated with nuclear structure and content. (II)
7. Discuss the concepts of binding energy, energy states and orbital energy levels of electrons. (II)
8. Describe various types of nuclear transformations. (II)
9. From a decay scheme, name the parent radionuclide, daughter, half-lives of parent and daughters, types of emissions, energy of emissions and abundance and origin of emissions. (II)
10. Perform specific calculations used in nuclear medicine including sub-multiple values of Curie and Bequerel, decay rate and activity of a source, decay constant of a radionuclide, mean life of a radionuclide, decay factor, remaining number of nuclei or remaining activity, half-life (or elapse time), effective (biological) half-life, generator yield and the time of maximum daughter activity. (II, III)
11. Plot the results of an exponential equaiton using linear and semi-log graph paper. (III)
12. Describe various nuclear reactions and related equations used to express the reactions. (III)
13. Describe particulate interactions with matter including events that occur when alpha, beta minus and positron particles interact with matter. (IV)
14. Discuss gamma and x-ray interaction with matter including coherent and Compton scatter, photoelectric effect, pair production, photodisintegration, secondary radiation and interaction relationships. (V)
15. Discuss the concept of half-value layer including use of the equation in shielding materials for radionuclides. (VI)
16. Describe the process and components of beginning a study in nuclear medicine including purpose, background information and definitions, procedures, equipment and reporting protocols. (VII)
17. Apply basic math skills to practical use in the nuclear medicine field to include selected conversions, log calculations and graphing. (VIII)
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MCCCD Official Course Outline:
 
DMI251   20036-20056 Fundamentals of Nuclear Medicine
    I. Historical View of the Atom
        A. Terminology
          1. Matter
          2. Substance
          3. Mixture
          4. Compound
          5. Element
          6. Atom
          7. Subatomic particles
          8. Nuclide
        B. Contributions to theory and experimental evidence of the current concept of the atom and nuclear energy.
      II. Structure of the Atom
          A. Composition
            1. Proton
            2. Neutron
            3. Electron
            4. Neutrinos
            5. Antineutrinos
            6. Other elemental particles
          B. Electrostatic force
            1. Gravity
            2. Weak
            3. Strong
          C. Electron shells and stability
            1. Orbitals and suborbitals
            2. Pauli exclusion principle
            3. Energy states
            4. Periodic table
          D. Ions and ionization
          E. Atomic nomenclature
            1. Symbol notation
              a. atomic number
              b. mass number
              c. neutron number
              d. element
              e. valence
            2. Isotopes
            3. Isobars
            4. Isotones
            5. Isomers
            6. Units of nuclear mass and energy
            7. Mass energy equivalents
        III. Radiation and the Atom
            A. Definition
            B. Historical contributions
              1. Bequerel
              2. The Curies
              3. Others associated with early inventions, developments, and applications to the field.
            C. Types of Radiation
              1. Primary
              2. Secondary
              3. Electromagnetic
                a. velocity
                b. wavelength
                c. frequency
                d. energy calculations
            D. Electromagnetic radiation production mechanisms
              1. Atomic
                a. Bremsstrahlung
                b. Characteristic
                  (1). excitation
                  (2). electron capture
                  (3). internal conversion
                  (4). binding energy and energy states
            E. Nuclear stability
              1. n/p ratio and the line of stability
              2. Binding energy
              3. Nuclear models
                a. shell
                b. liquid drop
                c. potential barrier
            F. Characteristics of radioactive decay
              1. Displacement law
              2. Nuclear transformation modes
                a. beta minus decay
                b. positron decay
                c. beta and gamma decay sequential
                d. isomeric transition
                e. electron capture
                f. alpha decay
                g. photodisintegration
                h. combination models: electron capture and gamma, positron and gamma
            G. Results of nuclear transformation
              1. Primary
                a. particles
                b. energy
                  (1). beta particle energy spectrum
                  (2). maximum and average beta energy
                  (3). photons
              2. Secondary
                a. internal conversion
                b. characteristic x-rays
                c. Auger electrons
              3. Decay schemes
                a. components
                b. information obtained
              4. Units of activity and exposure Curie (Ci), radiation absorbed dose (rad), Roentgen equivalent man (rem), Roentgen SI units: Bequerel (Bq); Gray (Gy); Sievert (Sv); Coulomb/kilogram (C/kg)
              5. Specific activity and radioconcentration
              6. Trilinear chart of the nuclides
              7. Representative equations for radioactive decay
                a. Decay equation
                  (1). activity
                  (2). decay constants
                  (3). time
                  (4). half-life
                  (5). decay factor
                b. Pre-calibration and decay calculations
                c. Problem solving for decay constant and half-life
                d. Solving for a variable in an exponent (i.e., time)
                e. Average life
                f. Biological and effective half-lives
              8. Exponential graphs
                a. Plot of exponential equation
                  (1). linear
                  (2). semi-log
                b. Determination of half-life
            H. Nuclear reactions
              1. Spontaneous
              2. Particle bombardment
              3. Equations for expressing nuclear reactions
              4. Neutron activation
              5. Radionuclide production
                a. fission
                b. reactor production
                c. particle acceleration
                  (1). linear accelerator
                  (2). cyclotron
                d. generators
              6. Parent/Daughter equilibrium relationships
                a. secular
                b. transient
                c. no equilibrium
                d. calculation of generator yield
                e. calculation of the time of maximum daughter activity
              7. Photodisintegration
          IV. Particulate Interactions with Matter
              A. Alpha
                1. excitation
                2. ionization
                3. transmutation
              B. Beta minus particles
                1. excitation
                2. Bremsstrahlung
                3. ionization
              C. Positrons
                1. Origins
                2. Interactions
                  a. excitation
                  b. Bremsstrahlung
                  c. ionization
                  d. annihilation
            V. Gamma and X-ray Interaction with Matter
                A. Scatter mechanisms
                  1. Coherent
                  2. Compton
                B. Full "absorption" mechanisms
                  1. Photoelectric
                  2. Pair production
                  3. Photodisintegration
                C. Secondary radiation
                  1. Bremsstrahlung
                  2. Characteristic radiation
                  3. Auger number
                D. Interaction Relationships
                  1. Energy
                  2. Atomic number
              VI. Attenuation Equation
                  A. Terminology
                  B. Linear
                  C. Mass attneuation
                  D. Half value layer (HVL)
                  E. Calculations
                VII. Beginning a study in Nuclear Medicine
                    A. Purpose
                    B. Background information and definitions
                    C. Procedures
                      1. Patient preparation
                      2. Information
                      3. Precautions
                      4. Quality control
                    D. Scintillation cameras
                      1. Planar imaging
                      2. SPECT imaging
                    E. Computer system
                      1. Components
                      2. Acquisition
                      3. Processing
                      4. Quality control
                    F. Reporting
                      1. The report goal
                      2. Direct communication
                      3. Written communication
                  VIII. Nuclear Medicine Calculations
                      A. Significant figures, rounding and mathematical operations
                      B. Powers, exponents, roots, and scientific notation
                      C. Direct and inverse proportions
                      D. Converting within the metric system
                      E. Converting between curie and becquerel
                      F. Converting between rad and gray
                      G. Converting between pound and kilogram
                      H. Logs, natural logs and antilogs
                      I. Graphing on linear and semi-log papers
                      J. Slope claculation
                      K. Statisitcs
                        1. Effects of background on counts and counting rates
                        2. Standard deviation of a counting rate
                        3. Levy-jennings plot
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